



Hybrid billion-scale vector search method combining HNSW with inverted file indexes, enabling cost-efficient search by keeping centroids in memory while storing vectors on disk.
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HNSW-IF (Hierarchical Navigable Small World - Inverted File) is Vespa's cost-efficient hybrid method for approximate nearest neighbor search, combining in-memory HNSW for centroids with disk-backed inverted file storage.
Noted in 2025 academic papers on vector database architectures as a leading approach for cost-efficient large-scale vector search.