Euclidean Distance (L2 Distance)

Fundamental similarity metric for vector search measuring the cosine of the angle between vectors. Range from -1 to 1, with 1 indicating identical direction regardless of magnitude.

Similarity metric computing sum of element-wise products between vectors. Efficient for normalized vectors, equivalent to cosine similarity when vectors are unit length.

A distance metric that measures the number of positions at which corresponding elements in two vectors differ. Particularly useful for binary vectors and categorical data, commonly used with binary quantization in vector search.

A vector similarity metric that calculates the dot product of two vectors, combining both magnitude and direction. Equivalent to cosine similarity when vectors are normalized, and commonly used for Maximum Inner Product Search (MIPS).

Vector similarity metric measuring both directional similarity and magnitude of vectors. Used by many LLMs for training and equivalent to cosine similarity for normalized data. Reports both angle and magnitude information.

Vector distance metric calculating the sum of absolute differences between vector components. Measures grid-like distance and is robust to outliers, with faster calculation as data dimensionality increases.